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Modified:
Aug 27, 2004
West Nile Virus

West Nile Virus
Bibliography of Scientific Literature

Culex pipiens The West Nile Virus Bibliography of Scientific Literature is part of ERAP's series of resources about West Nile Virus, all of which can be accessed from http://environmentalrisk.cornell.edu/WNV/.

This Bibliography of Scientific Literature contains annotated references to articles about West Nile Virus incidence, prevention and control, and more generally about factors affecting arbovirus ecology and control. Many of the citations are hyperlinked to full text articles. See West Nile Virus Resources for the General Public for additional materials.

Note--Web access to full text of some journals is limited, as described below:

Readers should be sure to note the date and source of all material they use. This is particularly important because of the rapid evolution of new information and understanding about West Nile virus, diverse perspectives about risk from the disease and control measures, and different sets of responsibilities (and target audiences) among information-providers.

  • Abdel-Rahman, A., A. Shetty and M. Abou-Donia. Nov 2001. Subchronic Dermal Application of N,N-Diethyl m-Toluamide (DEET) and Permethrin to Adult Rats, Alone or in Combination, Causes Diffuse Neuronal Cell Death and Cytoskeletal Abnormalities in the Cerebral Cortex and the Hippocampus, and Purkinje Neuron Loss in the Cerebellum. Experimental Neurology 172: 153-171.
    [http://www.idealibrary.com/links/doi/10.1006/exnr.2001.7807/pdf].

    Methods Summary: The doses of DEET and permethrin are based on an estimate of the exposure that may have occurred to army personnel during the Persian Gulf War. For combined exposure, both chemicals (at the single dose level) were applied simultaneously on adjacent preclipped areas of the skin in back of the necks of adult rats. Groups of five rats received daily dermal doses of 40mg/kg DEET in 70% ethanol, or 0.13 mg/kg permethrin in 70% ethanol, or the combination of DEET and permethrin, because they were determined to be the doses that military personnel were exposed to during the Persian Gulf War. Control animals received an equal volume of the vehicle. The treatment was carried out daily, 7 days a week, for 60 days.

    Abstract: N,N-Diethyl m-toluamide (DEET) and permethrin have been implicated as potential neurotoxic agents that may have played an important role in the development of illnesses in some veterans of the Persian Gulf War. To determine the effect of subchronic dermal application of these chemicals on the adult brain, we evaluated histopathological alterations in the brain of adult male rats following a daily dermal dose of DEET (40 mg/kg in 70% ethanol) or permethrin (0.13 mg/kg in 70% ethanol) or a combination of the two for 60 days. Control rats received a daily dermal dose of 70% ethanol for 60 days. Animals were perfused and brains were processed for morphological and histopathological analyses following the above regimen. Quantification of the density of healthy (or surviving) neurons in the motor cerebral cortex, the dentate gyrus, the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus, and the cerebellum revealed significant reductions in all three treated groups compared with the control group. Further, animals receiving either DEET or permethrin exhibited a significant number of degenerating (eosinophilic) neurons in the above brain regions. However, degenerating neurons were infrequent in animals receiving both DEET and permethrin, suggesting that neuronal cell death occurs earlier in animals receiving combined DEET and permethrin than in animals receiving either DEET or permethrin alone. The extent of neuron loss in different brain regions was similar among the three treatment groups except the dentate gyrus, where neurodegeneration was significantly greater with exposure to DEET alone. The neuron loss in the motor cerebral cortex and the CA1 subfield of all treated groups was also corroborated by a significant decrease in microtubule associated protein 2-immunoreactive elements (15-52% reduction), with maximal reductions occurring in rats receiving DEET alone; further, the surviving neurons in animals receiving both DEET and permethrin exhibited wavy and beaded dendrites. Analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity revealed significant hypertrophy of astrocytes in the hippocampus and the cerebellum of all treated groups (24-106% increase). Thus, subchronic dermal application of DEET and permethrin to adult rats, alone or in combination, leads to a diffuse neuronal cell death in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampal formation, and the cerebellum. Collectively, the above alterations can lead to many physiological, pharmacological, and behavioral abnormalities, particularly motor deficits and learning and memory dysfunction.
  • Accessing Useful Information: Challenges in Health Policy and Public Health . Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 75:175-895. http://www3.oup.co.uk/jurban/hdb/Volume_75/Symposium/.

    A symposium held at the New York Academy of Medicine, March 23, 1998. From the Introduction: "The papers presented at the Academy's March 23, 1998 forum were designed to elucidate further the information needs of professionals in public health and health policy and to provide a framework for taking effective action."

  • Challenges to Accessing Useful Information in Health Policy and Public Health: An Introduction to a National Forum Held at the New York Academy of Medicine, March 23, 1998. Lasker, R.D. 75: 779-784. PDF (36 KB).
  • Information Needs in Public Health Policy: Results of Recent Studies. O'Carroll, P.W., M.A. Cahn, I. Auston, C.R. Selden. 75: 794-806. PDF (49 KB).
  • The Retrieval Problem for Health Policy and Public Heath: Knowledge Bases and Search Engines. Lynch, C. 75: 794-806. PDF (61 KB).
  • Information Resources for Public Health Practice. Rambo, N. 75: 807-825. PDF (94 KB).
  • Web-based Resources for Retrieving Health Policy Information: NLM and Beyond. Cahn, M.A., C.R. Selden, I. Auston. 75: 826-841. Full Text PDF (74 KB).
  • Sources Used in Health Policy Research and Implications for Information Retrieval Systems. Gray, B.H. 75: 826-852. PDF (56 KB).
  • Quality of Public Health Information: Lessons from the Field. Bialek, R. 75: 853-863. PDF (56 KB).
  • Applied Information Quality: A Framework for Thinking about the Quality of Specific Information. Bradley, J. 75: 864-877. PDF (67 KB).
  • Meeting Information Needs in Health Policy and Public Health: Priorities for the National Library of Medicine and the National Network of Libraries of Medicine. Humphreys, B.L. 75: 878-883. PDF (39 KB).
  • Meeting Information Needs in Health Policy and Public Health: Roles for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ross, D. 75: 884-887. PDF (31 KB).
  • Strategies for Addressing Priority Information Problems in Health Policy and Public Health. Lasker, R.D. 75:888-895. PDF (45 KB).

  • Ahmed, S., R. Libman, K. Wesson, F. Ahmed, K. Einberg. 2000. Guillain-Barre Syndrome: An Unusual Presentation of West Nile Virus Infection. Neurology 55 (1):144-146.

    Abstract: West Nile fever is a mosquito-borne febrile illness seen in Africa, Asia, and Europe, but reported in North America only once. The recent outbreak in New York City represents the first time this virus has been detected in North America. West Nile virus usually causes mild symptoms, though rarely it can cause neurologic diseases, with a fatal outcome or permanent neurologic sequelae. We describe an elderly patient with West Nile virus infection who presented with Guillain-Barre syndrome.

  • Alto, Barry W., and Steven A. Juliano. 2001. Temperature Effects on the Dynamics of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in the Laboratory. Journal of Medical Entomology 38 (4):548-556.PDF (http://www.bioone.org/pdfserv/i0022-2585-038-04-0548.pdf)

    Abstract: We investigated how constant temperatures of 22, 24, and 26oC experienced across the full life cycle affected the dynamics of caged populations of Aedes albopictus (Skuse). All cages were equipped with plastic beakers that served as sites for oviposition and larval development. We measured the per capita daily mortality and emergence rates of the adults and size of adult females, and estimated the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and asymptotic density (K) for each caged population. Populations at 26oC had greater intrinsic rates of increase and lower asymptotic densities than populations at 22 and 24oC. Populations at high temperatures initially had greater daily per capita emergence rates, and steeper declines in per capita emergence rate as density increased over the course of the experiment. There was no temperature effect on the size of adult females nor on the per capita daily mortality rate of adults. Results indicated that populations of Ae. albopictus occurring in regions with relatively high summer temperatures are likely to have high rates of population growth with populations of adults peaking early in the season. These populations may attain relatively low peak densities of adults. Populations occurring in regions with low summer temperatures are likely to experience slow, steady production of adults throughout the season with population size peaking later in the season, and may attain higher peak densities of adults. High temperature conditions, associated with climate change, may increase the rate of spread of Ae. albopictus by increasing rates of increase and by enhancing colonization due to rapid population growth.

  • American Mosquito Control Association. Website: http://www.mosquito.org/. Publishers of the Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association.

  • American Mosquito Control Association Background Document. US EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs. July 21,1999. http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/PESP/strategies/backgrounders/amca-bk.htm

    Excerpts from Introduction: This "Background Document" is intended to meet a requirement of the revised Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP) format being instituted in July 1999. This document will describe the current policies and organizational structure of the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) (see attached flow chart with description of pertinent committees) and present a brief overview of the general control practices of its members. This "Background Document" (which is largely excerpted from the AMCA 1997 PESP Strategy Document) will also describe how the AMCA will strive to improve its ongoing policy of encouraging environmental stewardship by its members.

  • Anderson, John F., Theodore G. Andreadis, Charles R. Vossbrinck, Shirley Tirrell, Edward M. Wakem, Richard A. French, Antonio E. Garmendia, Herbert J. Van Kruiningen. 1999. Isolation of West Nile Virus from Mosquitoes, Crows and a Cooper's Hawk in Connecticut.Science286 (17 December): 2331-2333.

    Abstract: West Nile (WN) virus, a mosquito-transmitted virus native to Africa, Asia, and Europe, was isolated from two species of mosquitoes, Culex pipiens and Aedes vexans, and from brain tissues of 28 American crows, Corvus brachyrhynchos, and one Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii, in Connecticut. A portion of the genome of virus isolates from four different hosts was sequenced and analyzed by comparative phylogenetic analysis. Our isolates from Connecticut were similar to one another and most closely related to two WN isolates from Romania (2.8 and 3.6 percent difference). If established in North America, WN virus will likely have severe effects on human health and on the health of populations of birds.

  • Anderson, John F., Charles R. Vossbrinck, Theodore G. Andreadis, Anthony Iton, William H. Beckwith III, and Donald R. May. 2001. A phylogenetic approach to following West Nile virus in Connecticut. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA10.1073/pnas.241472398.

    Abstract: The 1999 outbreak of West Nile (WN) virus in the northeastern United States was the first known natural occurrence of this flavivirus in the Western Hemisphere. In 1999 and 2000, 82 independent Connecticut WN virus isolates were cultured from 9 species of birds, 5 species of mosquitoes, and one striped skunk. Nucleotide sequences obtained from these isolates identified 30 genetic changes compared with WN-NY99, in a 921-nucleotide region of the viral genome beginning at nucleotide position 205 and ending at 1125. This region encodes portions of the nucleocapsid and envelope proteins and includes the entire coding regions for the pre-membrane and membrane proteins.

    Amino acid changes occurred at 7 loci in 6 isolates relative to the WN-NY99 strain. Although 34 of the isolates showed sequences identical to the WN-NY99 isolate, we were able to show geographical-based clusters of mutations. In particular, 26 isolates were characterized by mutation of C to T at position 858. This group apparently originated in Stamford, CT and disseminated to sites located as far as 54 miles from Stamford.

    Sequences of WN virus isolated from both brain and heart tissues from the same avian host were identical in all 14 tested individual birds, suggesting that the mutations we have documented are real and not caused by culture, RNA extraction, or PCR procedures. We conclude that this portion of the viral genome will enable us to follow the geographical and temporal movement of variant WN virus strains as they adapt to North America.

  • Anderson, John F. and James J. Rahal. 2002. Efficacy of Interferon Alpha-2b and Ribavirin against West Nile Virus In Vitro (letter). Emerging Infectious Diseases 8(1):107-108.

    Summary: ...Effective antiviral agents are unknown for infections caused by WNV. Odelola (4) described 83% survival of WNV-infected mice and eradication of virus from brain when 1.5 mg of ribavirin was administered by intraperitoneal injection after virus inoculation. Survival of controls was 25%. More recently, Jordan et al. have reported inhibition of WNV by a relatively high concentration of ribavirin (200 M) given after infection of human oligodendroglial cells in vitro (5). Shahar et al. (6) reported protection of fetal mouse spinal cord tissues with mouse alpha and beta interferon before inoculation with WNV. We tested human recombinant interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin for activity against WNV in a primate cell system similar to that used to measure the effect of these agents on Bovine viral diarrhea virus, a cultivatable, closely related surrogate for Hepatitis C virus...

    ...We conclude that interferon alpha-2b possesses greater therapeutic activity in vitro than ribavirin, with a potentially greater therapeutic ratio in humans. Whether combination therapy, as employed against hepatitis C, may be optimal requires further study.

  • Andis, M.D., S.R. Sackett, M.K. Carroll, E.S. Bordes. 1987.Strategies for the Emergency Control of Arboviral Epidemics in New Orleans. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 2:125-50.

  • Anonymous. 1987. West Nile Fever. Pages 525-528 in P. N. Acha and B. Szyfres, eds. Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals, 2nd ed. Pan American Health Organization. Scientific Publication 503: Washington, D.C.

  • ARBO_BYTES: Listserv managed through the Rutgers Department of Entomology, for the scientific discussion of vector-borne diseases including West Nile and their control. Archived (since April 2000) on the web at http://email.rutgers.edu/archives/arbo_bytes.html. Subscribe to the listserv using a webform at the ARBO_BYTES website.

  • Asnis, D.S., R. Conetta, A.A. Teixiera, et al. 2000. The West Nile Virus Outbreak of 1999 in New York: The Flushing Hospital Experience Clinic of Infectious Disease 30:413. 
  • Autorino, Gian Luca, Antonio Battisti, Vincent Deubel, Giancarlo Ferrari, Riccardo Forletta, Armando Giovannini, Rossella Lelli, Severine Murri, and Maria Teresa Scicluna. 2002. West Nile virus Epidemic in Horses, Tuscany Region, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases 8(12): 1372-1378. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no12/02-0234.htm

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