West Nile Virus
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Daszak, Peter, Lee Berger, Andrew A. Cunningham, Alex D. Hyatt,
D. Earl Green, Rick Speare. 1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases
and Amphibian Population Declines.
Emerging Infectious Diseases 5:6.
Abstract: Emerging infectious diseases have been reported increasingly as causes of death in free-living wild animals. These diseases are a particular threat to wildlife species whose population, habitat, or range has been diminished or artificially manipulated to promote species survival (e.g., captive breeding, translocation, and release programs). An early example of an emerging disease panzootic was the introduction of rinderpest in African domestic cattle in 1889. More recently, epizootics and panzootics of wildlife have been increasingly reported in terrestrial and marine habitats and are probably underreported. Recent advances in theoretical and experimental host-parasite ecology have demonstrated a major role for infectious agents in the population biology of wild animals. We discuss recent data on two newly emerging infectious diseases of amphibians and, by reference to host-parasite ecology, propose hypotheses to explain their origin and impact.
- Daszak,
Peter, Andrew A. Cunningham, Alex D. Hyatt. 2000. Emerging
Infectious Diseases of Wildlife--Threats to Biodiversity and
Human Health.
Science 287 (21 January): 443-449.
Abstract: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of free-living wild animals can be classified into three major groups on the basis of key epizootiological criteria: (i) EIDs associated with "spill-over" from domestic animals to wildlife populations living in proximity; (ii) EIDs related directly to human intervention, via host or parasite translocations; and (iii) EIDs with no overt human or domestic animal involvement. These phenomena have two major biological implications: first, many wildlife species are reservoirs of pathogens that threaten domestic animal and human health; second, wildlife EIDs pose a substantial threat to the conservation of global biodiversity.
- Debboun, M., D. Strickman, T. Klein, J. Glass, E. Wylie, A. Laughinghouse, R. Wirtz and Raj Gupta. 1999. Laboratory Evaluation of AI3-37220, AI3-35765, CIC-4 and DEET Repellents Against Three Species of Mosquitoes. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 15(3):342-347.
Abstract: Four repellents, N,N-diethyl-3-methyl-benzamide (deet), 2-hydroxy-methyl-cyclohexyl acetic acid lactone (CIC-4), and 2 piperidines (1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl] piperidine [AI3-35765] and 1-[3-cyclo-hexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine [AI3-37220]) were evaluated alone and in combination against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus using a modified in vitro test system. This method was a valuable tool for comparing effective concentrations of the new compounds. Because of the controlled conditions of the test, it was possible to use the results of assays that had been conducted over a 5-year period and to perform the many replications necessary to evaluate combinations of compounds. The new candidate repellents were generally as effective as deet. Although speculative at this time, there was some evidence of synergistic interaction. Repellent combinations of CIC-4/AI3-37220/AI3-35765, and deet/AI3-37220/AI3-35765 against An. stephensi and CIC-4/AI3-35765, deet/AI3-37220/AI3-35765, AI3-37220/AI3-35765, and CIC-4/AI3-37220 against Ae. aegypti were more effective than the component compounds alone.
- DeGraaf, Richard M. and John H. Rappole. 1995. Neotropical Migratory Birds: Natural History, Distribution, and Population Change. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY and London. 676 pages.
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Doherty J.D., C.J. Lauter and N. Salem Jr. 1986.Synaptic
Effects of the Synthetic Pyrethroid Resmethrin in Rat Brain
in Vitro. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
84(2):373-9
Abstract: Resmethrin (30 microM) induced release of transmitters was not affected by manipulation of the Na+ current with either choline or tetrodotoxin agents which readily reversed the effects of veratridine, deltamethrin and cypermethrin. Resmethrin (I50: 2.2 microM) inhibited the ATP dependent uptake of Ca2+ but deltamethrin and cypermethrin were much less effective. Resmethrin also displaced Ca2+ from crude synaptosomal membranes. The release promoting effects of resmethrin in rat brain in vitro are better explained by its effects on Ca2+ rather than through a specific effect on the Na+ channel. In contrast, the effects of deltamethrin and cypermethrin promote transmitter release by a Na+ dependent process.
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Dohm, David J., Harrison, Bruce A., O’Guinn, Sardelis,
Michael R., and Turell, Michael J. Winter 2000. Preparing
for West Nile Virus and Multidirectional Surveillance and Control.
Wing Beats 14-5.
Summary: "West Nile (WN) virus may force [mosquito control] programs [that still rely on spraying adulticides at night] to quickly rethink their needs and prepare for surveillance and control efforts in at least two distinct directions... We believe that multidirectional efforts will be essential because of results from recent WN vector capability studies conducted at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland. The results of these studies will be published shortly in the Journal of Medical Entomology, but we want people to know these laboratory results quickly. Of major importance are findings that several container species, Aedes albopictus, Ochlerotatus atropalpus, and Oc. j. japonicus were highly efficient (70+%) laboratory vectors of WN virus."
- Drexler, Madeline. 2002. "Chapter 2: Winged Victories." Secret Agents: The Menace of Emerging Infections. Joseph Henry Press: 316 pages.
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309076382/html/19.html
Excerpt from Medscape Book Review: Secret Agents, the most recent addition to a decade-long list of books devoted to emerging infections, deserves special praise. The book offers us not only a pleasant review but also a scholarly overview of the scores of new pathogens, many of which have become household words and/or concerns. It discusses key bugs (and some lesser-known microbes) and gives up-to-date analyses of events post-September 11 (anthrax and other bioterrorism agents). All observations are accurate, original, and infectiously insightful. Indeed, this book is a most enjoyable read; it should be informative for infectious diseases cognoscenti as well as an excellent introduction for an initiative audience wishing to learn about the newest health threats.
- Durand, B., V. Chevalier, R. Pouillot, J. Labie, I. Marendat, B. Murgue, H. Zeller and S. Zientara. West Nile Virus Outbreak in Horses, Southern France, 2000: Results of a Serosurvey. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online] 2002 Aug;8. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no8/01-0486.htm.
Abstract: During late summer and autumn 2000, a West Nile fever outbreak in southern France resulted in 76 equine clinical cases; 21 horses died. We report the results of a large serosurvey of all equines within a 10-km radius of laboratory-confirmed cases. Blood samples were obtained from 5,107 equines, distributed in groups of 1 to 91 animals. West Nile virus immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies were found in 8.5% of animals (n=432). Forty-two percent of the IgG-positive animals were also IgM positive. Horses living in small groups were more affected than those in large groups. The results suggest that West Nile virus is not endemic in the affected area, the Camargue; rather, sporadic outbreaks are separated by long silent periods.
