West Nile Virus
Bibliography of Scientific Literature (F)
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Fradin, Mark S. Mosquitoes and Mosquito Repellents: A Clinician's Guide 1998. Annals of Internal Medicine 128 (June 1): 931-940. http://www.acponline.org/journals/annals/01Jun98/mosquito.htm
This review drew from clinical and analytical data in the scientific literature, case reports, entomology texts and journals, government and industry publications, the Extension Toxicology Network database, the Mosquito-L emaildiscussion group, etc.
Summary from Review Abstract: DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) is the most effective and best studied insect repellent currently on the market. This substance has a remarkable safety profile after 40 years of worldwide use, but toxic reactions can occur (usually when the product is misused). When DEET-based repellents are applied in combination with permethrin-treated clothing, protection against bites of nearly 100% can be achieved. Plant-based repellents are generally less effective that DEET-based products. Ultrasonic devices, outdoor bug "zapper" and bat houses are not effective against mosquitoes. Highly sensitive persons may want to take oral antihistamines to minimize cutaneous reactions to mosquito bites.
- Fradin, Mark S. and John F. Day 2002.Comparative Efficacy of Insect Repellents Against Mosquito Bites. New England Journal of Medicine 347:13-18 (July 4, 2002).
In this article, Fradin and Day conducted their own experimental work building on the literature review published in June 1998.
Abstract:
Background: The worldwide threat of anthropod-transmitted diseases, with their associated morbidity and mortality, underscores the need for effective insect repellents. Multiple chemical, botanical, and "alternative" repellent products are marketed to consumers. We sought to determine which products available in the United States provide reliable and prolonged complete protection from mosquito bites.
Methods: We conducted studies involving 15 volunteers to test the relative efficacy of seven botanical insect repellents; four products containing N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, now called N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET); a repellent containing IR3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate); three repellent-impregnated wristbands; and a moisturizer that commonly claimed to have repellent effects. These products were tested in a controlled laboratory environment in which the species of the mosquitoes, their age, their degree of hunger, the humidity, the temperature, and the light-dark cycle were all kept constant.
Results: DEET-based products provided complete protection for the longest duration. Higher concentrations of DEET provided longer-lasting protection. A formulation containing 23.8 percent DEET had a mean complete-protection time of 301.5 minutes. A soybean-oil-based repellent protected against mosquito bites for an average of 94.6 minutes. The IR3535-based repellent protected for an average of 22.9 minutes. All other botanical repellents we tested provided protection for a mean duration of less than 20 minutes. Repellent-impregnated wristbands offered no protection.
Conclusions: Currently available non-DEET repellents do not provide protection for durations similar to those of DEET-based repellents and cannot be relied on to provide prolonged protection in environments where mosquito-borne diseases are a substantial threat.
- Frances, S.P., R. D. Cooper, S. Popat and A. W. Sweeny. 1999. Field Evalutaion of the Repellents DEET, CIC-4 and AI3-37220 against Anopheles in Lae, Papua New Guinea. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 15(3):339-341, 1999.
Abstract: The repelletns diethylmethylbenzamide (deet), (2-hydroxymethylcyclohexyl) acetic acid lactone (CIC-4), and 1-(3-cyclohexen-1-yl-carbonyl)-2-methylpiperidine (AI3-37220) were compared for their effectiveness in protecting 5 soldiers against the bites of Anopheles spp. at a village in Papua New Guinea. All 3 repellents, applied as 25% ethanol concentrations, provided greater than or equal to 95% protection against primarily An. farauti 4 for at least 3 h after application.
- Freimuth, Vicki, Huan W. Linnan, and Polyxeni Potter. 2000 Communicating the Threat of Emerging Infections to the Public.Emerging Infectious Diseases 6(4 July-August 2000). http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no4/freimuth.htm
Abstract: Communication theory and techniques, aided by the electronic revolution, provide new opportunities and challenges for the effective transfer of laboratory, epidemiologic, surveillance, and other public health data to the public who funds them. We review the applicability of communication theory, particularly the audience-source-message-channel meta-model, to emerging infectious disease issues. Emergence of new infectious organisms, microbial resistance to therapeutic drugs, and increased emphasis on prevention have expanded the role of communication as a vital component of public health practice. In the absence of cure, as in AIDS and many other public health problems, an effectively crafted and disseminated prevention message is the key control measure. Applying communication theory to disease prevention messages can increase the effectiveness of the messages and improve public health.
- Friedman,
Sharon M., Sharon Dunwoody and Carol L. Rogers, eds. 1999. Communicating
Uncertainty: Media Coverage of New and Controversial Science.
Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc: Mahwah, NJ and London. 277pp.
Excerpted from Preface: Perhaps the most common outcome of the scientific process is not facts, but uncertainty. Ambiguity about what is true and what is not is so ubiquitous that one could define scientific expertise not so much in terms of accumulation of knowledge but by the skill of recognizing and managing uncertainty. The acknowledgment and management of uncertainty is one hallmark of good science. But how do journalists fare when trying to convey the complexities, ambiguities, and controversies that are the visible manifestations of scientific uncertainty?
Examining scientific uncertainty and how it is constructed and interpreted is one of the goals of this volume. Exploring the actions and reactions that result when journalists report about scientific uncertainty is another goal. This volume concentrates on new and controversial science, types of science that often find their way into the public arena. Although we believe that all science in inherently uncertain, chapter authors focus on areas where public communication of science is an integral part of the action and where journalists are most active. Another one of our goals is to look closely at three of the actors involved in the scientific communication process--scientist, journalist and audience--and analyze how each actor responds and copes with scientific uncertainty....
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Fujisaki Y, Miura Y, Sugimori T, Murakami Y, Miura K. 1983.
Experimental studies on vertical infection of mice with Japanese
encephalitis virus. Natl Inst Anim Health Q. 23(1):21-6.
Abstract: An experiment was carried out to examine the effect of an inoculated strain of Japanese encephalitis virus on the establishment of experimental vertical infection of mice with this virus. In it, closed-colony mice of the CFW strain were inoculated intravenously with seven strains of the virus at 7 days of pregnancy. After that, an attempt was made to recover the virus from placenta and fetus, so that the infection rate of each strain might be determined. As a result, the infection rate was high for both placenta and fetus in the case of the AS-6 and Sagara strains both of which had undergone three passages in the mouse brain. The placental infection rate was high and the fetal infection rate relatively low in the case of the JaGAr01 and Fuji strains which had undergone 7 and 150 passages, respectively, in the mouse brain. The infection rate was very low for both placenta and fetus in the case of the Nakayama-Yakken strain which had undergone more than 100 passages in the mouse brain. There was no difference in the severity of viremia after inoculation between the AS-6 and Fuji strains. Both placental and fetal infection rates were low in the case of the JaTH160 strain which had undergone passages in mice by intraperitoneal inoculation and which presented a strong peripheral infectivity and induced a severe viremia after inoculation. Neither placental nor fetal infection occurred in the case of the S- strain used as live virus vaccine. These results indicated that placental and fetal infection rates varied from one virus strain to another.
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Fulginati, Vincent A. 2000. The Millenium in Infectious Diseases: Focus on the Last Century 1900-2000. Medscape General Medicine 2 (2).
