West Nile Virus
Bibliography of Scientific Literature (J)
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- James, Maurice T. and Robert F. Harwood. 1969. Herm's Medical Entomology The Macmillan Company: London. 484 pages.
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Jensen, T., R. Lampman, M. C. Slamecka and R. J. Novak. 2000. Field Efficacy of Commercial Antimosquito Products in Illinois. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 16(2):148-152.
Abstract: We evaluated the efficacy of commerical antimosquito products in field trials in Illinois in June 1998 by comparing mosquito landing rates. Products tested were a sonic mosquito repeller, an insect killing grid using ultraviolet light and 1-octen-3-ol as lures, mosquito smoke coils containing a pyrethroid, citronella candles, the mosquito plant Pelargonium citrosum, and a N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet)-impregnated wrist band. The sonic mosquito repeller, insect killing grid, and mosquito smoke coils were evaluated in 16 trials over 5 days; the citronella candles and mosquito plants in 11 trials over 4 days; and the wrist bands in 4 trials on 1 day. In all 3 studies, we compared landing rates with the antimosquito products to both positive (topical application of a deet formulation) and negative (no treatment) controls. The deet topical repellent had a consistently lower landing rate than all the nontopically applied products tested. However, the mosquito coils and the deet-impregnated wrist bands did significantly reduce mosquito landing rates relative to untreated controls.
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Jensen, Truls, Sharon R. Lawler, and Deborah A. Dritz. 1999. Effects of Ultra-Low Volume Pyrethrin, Malathion, and Permethrin on Nontarget Invertebrates, Sentinel Mosquitoes, and Mosquitofish in Seasonally Impounded Wetlands. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 15(3):330-338.
Abstract: Wildlife managers are concerned that insecticides ad to control mosquitoes could suppress invertebrates on which wildlife feed. We assessed whether ultra-low volume (ULV) applications of pyrethrin, permethrin, malathion for control of adult mosquitoes reduced macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass or killed mosquitofish in seasonal wetlands in California. Pyrethrin was applied over 3 seasonal wetlands on Sutter National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), and malathion or permethrin were each applied over 2 seasonal wetlands on the Colusa NWR. Three control wet were used per site. We measured aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass before and after insecticide application and compared the survival of mosquito larvae held in sentinel cages. At Colusa, we also used mosquitofish as sentinels, caged adult mosquitoes over the wetlands to test pesticide efficacy and drift, and sampled night-flying insects using ultraviolet light traps. Results showed no detectable reductions in the abundance or biomass of aquatic macroinvertebrates in treated wetlands. Larval mosquitoes showed high survival in all areas. All adult mosquitoes died when caged over wetlands treated with malathion or permethrin, but all survived in controls. All mosquitofish survived. Flying insect abundance decreased after insecticide application in both treated and control wetlands but rebounded in 48 h. Results indicated that ULV applications of these insecticides to control adult mosquitoes are unlikely to have substantial effects on the aquatic insects or fish in seasonal wetlands.
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Jensen, Truls, and Robert K. Washino. 1994. Comparison of Recapture Patterns of Marked and Released Aedes vexans and Ae. melanimon (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Sacramento Valley of California. Journal of Medical Entomology 31(4): 607-610.
Abstract: Recapture patterns of Aedes vexans (Meigen) and Aedes melanimon Dyar were compared in a mark-release-recapture study conducted on the Colusa National Wildlife Refuge, Colusa County, California, from 15 August to 2 September 1988, The 2.0% recapture rate for Ae. vexans females was significantly greater than the 0.9% rate for Ae. melaninon females. Daily survivorship of 0.70 for Ae. vexans femiales was significantly lower than the 0.84 estimate for Ae. melanimon. The two species had different patterns of dispersal. On day 1, when the majority of marked females of both species were recaptured, the mean dispersal distance for Ae. vexans females were significantly greater than that for Ae. melanimon. The cumulative dispersal distance for Ae. vexans. females decreased during the study period. In contrast, Ae. melanimon dispersal increased gradually over time.
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Jia, Xi-Yu, Thomas Briese, Ingo Jordan, Andrew Rambaut, Han Chang Chi, John S. Mackenzie, Roy A. Hall, Jacqui Scherret and W. Ian Lipkin. December 4, 1999. Genetic Analysis of West Nile New York 1999 Encephalitis Virus. The Lancet, London. 354 (9194): 1971-1972. http://www.thelancet.com/.
Abstract: Analysis of the genome of the flavivirus responsible for the 1999 New York City encephalitis epidemic cloned from human brain by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction indicates its identity as a lineage I West Nile virus closely related to WNVs previously isolated in the Middle East.
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Johnson DJ, Ostlund EN, Pedersen DD, Schmitt BJ. 2001. Detection of North American West Nile virus in animal tissue by a reverse transcription-nested polymersase chain reaction assay. Emerging Infectious Diseases 7(4):739-41 (http://www.cdc.gov/
ncidod/ eid/ vol7no4/ johnson.htm). Abstract: A traditional single-stage reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedure is effective in determining West Nile (WN) virus in avian tissue and infected cell cultures. However, the procedure lacks the sensitivity to detect WN virus in equine tissue. We describe an RT-nested PCR (RT-nPCR) procedure that identifies the North American strain of WN virus directly in equine and avian tissues.
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Jordan, Ingo, Thomas Briese, Nicole Fischer, Johnson Yiu-Nam Lau, and W. Ian Lipkin. 2000. Ribavirin Inhibits West Nile Virus Replication and Cytopathic Effect in Neural Cells. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 182:1214-1217.
Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen that was reported for the first time in the Western hemisphere in August 1999, when an encephalitis outbreak in New York City resulted in 62 clinical cases and 7 deaths. WNV, for which no antiviral therapy has been described, was recently recovered from a pool of mosquitoes collected in New York City. In anticipation of the recurrence of WNV during the summer of 2000, an analysis was made of the efficacy of the nucleoside analogue ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral compound with activity against several RNA viruses, for treatment of WNV infection. High doses of ribavirin were found to inhibit WNV replication and cytopathogenicity in human neural cells in vitro.
