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Modified:
Nov 7, 2004
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West Nile Virus
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West Nile Virus
Bibliography of Scientific Literature (O-Q)
- Office
International des Epizooties. 1999. West Nile Fever in Israel in Geese
(corrected data). Disease Information 12:150-151.
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Okeson D., S. Llizo, C. Miller, A. Glaser. 2002. Antibody Response of Four Bird Species After Vaccination with a Killed WNV Vaccine. Paper presented at 51st Annual Meeting of the Wildlife Disease Association. 28 July-1 August, 2002.
- Peiris,
J.S.M. and F.P. Amerasinghe. 1994. West Nile fever. Pages 139-148
in G. Beran, ed., Handbook of Zoonoses, Section B: Viral, 2nd Ed.
CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.
- Perich,
M.J., C. Wells, W. Bertsch and K.E. Tredway. 1995. Isolation of the Insecticidal
Components of Tagetes minuta (Compositae) against Mosquito Larvae and Adults.
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 11(3):307-310.
- Petersen, Lyle R., and Anthony Marfin. 2002.
West Nile Virus: A Primer for the Clinician.
Annals of Internal Medicine.
137(3): 173-179.
[pdf]
Abstract:
This paper provides the clinician with an understanding of the epidemiologic
and biological characteristics of West Nile virus in North America, as well
as useful information on the diagnosis, reporting, and management of patients
with suspected West Nile virus infection and on advising patients about
prevention. Information was gathered from the medical literature and from
national surveillance data through May 2002. Since the identification of West
Nile virus in New York City in 1999, enzootic activity has been documented
in 27 states and the District of Columbia. Continued geographic expansion
is likely. Overall, one in 150 infections results in severe neurologic
illness. Advanced age is by far the most important risk factor for neurologic
disease and, once disease develops, for worse clinical outcome. Surveillance
has identified 149 persons with West Nile virus?related illness in 10 states.
Encephalitis is more commonly reported than meningitis, and concomitant muscle
weakness and flaccid paralysis may provide a clinical clue to the presence of
West Nile virus infection. Peak incidence occurs in late summer, although
onset has occurred from July through December. Immunoglobulin M antibody
testing of serum specimens and cerebrospinal fluid is the most efficient
method of diagnosis, although cross-reactions are possible in patients
recently vaccinated against or recently infected with related flaviviruses.
Testing can be arranged through local, state, or provincial (in Canada) health
departments. Prevention rests on elimination of mosquito breeding sites;
judicious use of pesticides; and avoidance of mosquito bites, including
mosquito repellent use.
- Petersen, Lyle R., and John T. Roehrig. 2001. West Nile Virus: A Reemerging Global Pathogen. Emerging Infectious Diseases 7(4). http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol7no4/petersen.htm
Excerpt: The recognition of West Nile (WN) virus in the Western Hemisphere in the summer of 1999 marked the first introduction in recent history of an Old World flavivirus into the New World. The United States is not alone, however, in reporting new or heightened activity in humans and other animals, and incursions of flaviviruses into new areas are likely to continue through increasing global commerce and travel. Similar expansion of other flaviviruses has been documented. Dengue viruses, perhaps the most important human flaviviral pathogens,, have spread from roots in Asia to all tropical regions. Japanese encephailitis (JE) virus has recently encroached on the northern shores of Australia an may soon become endemic in that continent. This issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases focuses on current understanding of the biology, ecology, and epidemiology of WNV.
Authors are with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado.
- Peyton,
E.L., Scott R. Campbell, Thomas M. Candeletti, Michael Romanowski and Wayne
J Crans. 1999. Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald), a New
Introduction into the United States.Journal of the American Mosquito
Control Association 15(2):238-241.
Abstract:
Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus is recorded for the 1st time
in the United States. Four adult females were collected in light traps at
2 sites in New York and one site in New Jersey during the months of August
and September 1998. Notes on bionomics are provided. Illustrations of the
adult female, male, and larva are included.
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Platonov, A.E.,
2001.
West Nile Encephalitis in Russia 1999-2001.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
951(1):102. http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/full/951/1/102
Abstract:
In 1963-1993, several strains of West Nile virus (WNV) were isolated from ticks, birds, and mosquitoes in the southern area of European Russia and western Siberia. In the same regions, anti-WNV antibody was found in 0.4-8% of healthy adult donors. Sporadic human clinical cases
were observed in the delta of the Volga River. In spite of this, WNV infection was not considered by the health authorities as a potentially emerging infection, and the large WNV outbreak in southern Russia, started in late
July 1999, was not recognized in a timely fashion. First evidence suggesting a WNV etiology of the outbreak was obtained by IgM ELISA on September 9. Two weeks later, the specific WNV RT-PCR was developed and WNV disease
was confirmed in all 14 nonsurvivors from whom brain tissue samples were available. Retrospective studies of serum samples by IgM ELISA indicated WNV etiology in 326 of 463 survivors with aseptic meningitis or
encephalitis. Moreover, 35 of 56 patients who contracted aseptic meningitis in 1998 had a high titer of WNV IgG antibody, so the WNV infection seems to have been introduced into the Volgograd region before 1999. A complete sequence (AF317203) of WN viral RNA, isolated
from the brain of one Volgograd fatality, and partial sequences of an envelope E gene from other nonsurvivors showed that the Volgograd isolate had the greatest homology (99.6%) with WN-Romania-1996 mosquito strain RO97-50.
- Platonov,
Alexnder E., German A. Shipulin, Olga Yu. Shipulina, Elena N. Tyutyunnik,
Tatyana I. Frolochkina, Robert S. Lanciotti, Svetlana Yazyshina, Olga V.
Platonova, Igor L. Obukhov, Alexander N. Zhukov, Yury Ya. Vengerov, and
Valenin I. Pokrovskii. 2001. Outbreak of West Nile Virus Infection, Volgograd
Region, Russia, 1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases 7(1 January-February
2001). http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/platanov.htm.
Abstract:
From July 25 to October 1, 1999, 826 patients were admitted to Volgograd
Region, Russia, hospitals with acute aseptic meningoencephalitis, meningitis,
or fever consistent with arboviral infection. Of 84 cases of meningoencephalitis,
40 were fatal. Fourteen brain specimens were positive in reverse transcriptase-polymerase
chain reaction assays, confirming the presence of West Nile/Kunjin virus.
Conclusions:
...Moreover, the last three large outbreaks were caused by genetically similar
strains (WN-Romania-1996, WN-New York-1999, WN-Volgograd-1999), indicating
the wide circulation and emergence of potentially epidemic strains of WN
virus. All three cities, Bucharest, New York, and Volgograd, are located
near large bodies of water and on bird migration pathways and all had unusually
dry summers the year of the outbreak. Some clinical characteristics of the
recent WN virus epidemics were unexpected, such as the high rate of neurologic
disorders and death. These unusual characteristics may be due to the expansion
of new pathogenic WN virus strain(s) or to the peculiarities of the human
host response.
Authors
are with the Central Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, Russia; Moscow State
University for Medicine and Dentistry, Russia; Ministry of Public Health,
Moscow, Russia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins,
Colorado, USA; Russian State Institute for Control of Veterinary Products,
Moscow, Russia; Center of Sanitary and Epidemic Control for Volgograd Region,
Volgograd, Russia.
- Pogodina,
V.V., M.P. Frolova, G.V. Malenko, et al. 1983. Study on West Nile Virus
Persistence in Monkeys.Arch. Virology 75:71.
- Pro-MED
Mail (global PROgram for Monitoring Emerging Diseases ) is a program
of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). West Nile Virus
is just one of the diseases covered. Subscription information and archives
are on the web: http://www.promedmail.org.
Overview:
The ProMED-mail electronic outbreak reporting system was inaugurated
on the Internet in August 1994 to monitor emerging infectious diseases globally.
It is the only outbreak rapid reporting system open to all sources and free
of political restraints. All reports are screened by expert Moderators before
posting. A central goal of ProMED is to establish a direct partnership among
scientists and doctors in all parts of the world, by making it possible
for all to share information and discuss emerging disease concerns on a
timely basis. ProMED-mail welcomes the participation of all interested colleagues,
students and interested people outside the health and biomedical professions.
There is no charge for subscribing.
ProMED-mail
now reaches almost 20,000 direct subscribers in over 160 countries. Five
years after its founding by the Federation of American Scientists, with
the technical assistance of SatelLife, ProMED-mail became a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID), a non-profit professional
organization with headquarters in Boston and members around the world. ISID
and ProMED-mail are supported by grants and contributions. For more information
about ISID, see http://www.isid.org.
- Qui,
Hongchun, H. Won Jun, and John W. McCall. 1997. Pharmacokinetics, Formulation,
and Safety of Insect Repellent N,N-Diethyl-3-Methylbenzamide (DEET): A Review.
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 14(1):12-27.
Abstract:
This review is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the all-purpose
topical insect repellent, N,N-diethyl-s-methylbenxamide (DEET), with emphasis
on its pharmacokinetics, formulation, and safety aspects. DEET is effective
against a variety of mosquitoes, flies, fleas, and ticks, and its protection
efficacy depends on factors such as type of formulation, application pattern,
physical activity of the user, environment, and species and feeding behavior
of the insects. It offers an inexpensive and practical means of preventing
the attachment of biting insects and, more importantly, the transmission
of vector-borne diseases. In both humans and animals, DEET skin penetration
and biodistribution are rapid and extensive, and metabolism and elimination
appear to be complete. As evidenced by over 4 decades of human experience
and rigorous animal testing, DEET is generally safe for topical use if applied
as recommended, although it has occasionally been related to effects such
as toxic encephalopathy, seizure, acute manic psychosis, cardiovascular
toxicity, and dermatitis, along with a few cases of death due to extensive
skin absorption. N,N-diethyl-s-methylbenxamide may compete in metabolism
with and alter the biodistribution properties of other compounds to which
a subject is simultaneously exposed, resulting in an added risk of side
effects. The appropriate use of formulation techniques and new formulations
not only offers a way to extend the duration of protection, but also reduces
DEET skin penetration. In addition to extended repellency, minimal skin
penetration of DEET should be an important consideration in the evaluation
of a DEET formulation during new product development.
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