West Nile Virus
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- Saito,
Koichi, Yoshitaka Tomigahara, Norihisa Ohe, Naohiko Isobe, Iwao Nakatsuka
and Hideo Kaneko. 2000. Lack of Significant Estrogenic or Antiestrogenic
Activity of Pyrethroid Insecticides in Three in Vitro Assays Based on Classic
Estrogen Receptor alpha-Mediated Mechanisms. Toxicological Sciences
57:54-60.
Abstract (abbreviated): Estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of pyrethroid insecticides (d-trans-allethrin, cypermethrin, empenthrin, fenvalerate, imiprothrin, permethrin, d-phenothrin and prallethrin) was evaluated using a suite of 3 in vitro assays based on classic estrogen receptor alpha (hERalpha)-mediated mechanisms. ... Significant (p less than 0.05) positive effects of estrogenic substances (E2/estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and p-nonylphenol) were detected in all assays. ... None of the pyrethroids tests showed significant (p less than 0.05) estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects (100 nM-10microM), indicating that they do not impact on the classic hER alpha-mediated activation pathway in vitro.
Note: The authors are with the Environmental Health Science Laboratory of Sumitomo Chemican Company Ltd, Osaka, Japan. Corresponding author: saitok5@sc.sumitomo-chem.co.jp.
- Samina I., Margalit J., Peleg J.
1986.
Isolation of Viruses from Mosquitoes of the Negev, Israel.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
80:471-2.
Abstract: In a survey of the mosquito population of the Negev carried out between July 1982 and September 1984, over 85,000 insects belonging to 10 species were tested for the presence of viruses. They yielded 91 virus isolates in C-6/36 mosquito cell cultures; 20 of the isolates were recovered also in Vero cell cultures and in suckling mice inoculated intracerebrally. Of the 20 isolates recovered in the vertebrate systems 17 were identified as Sindbis, and three as West Nile viruses. 71 viruses which have been isolated only in mosquito cell cultures remain unidentified. Sindbis and West Nile arboviruses were isolated only from Culex pipiens and from Cx perexiguus, while the unidentified viruses were isolated from these and from five other mosquito species.
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Sampson, B.A. and V. Armbrustmacher. 2001. The Neuropathology of Four Fatalities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 951:172-178. http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/full/951/1/172
Abstract: West Nile virus was identified by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the etiologic agent in four encephalitis fatalities in New York City in the late summer of 1999. Fever and profound muscle weakness were the predominant symptoms. Autopsy disclosed encephalitis in two instances and meningoencephalitis in the remaining two. The inflammation was mostly mononuclear and formed microglial nodules and perivascular clusters in the white and gray matter. The brain stem, particularly the medulla, was involved most extensively. In two brains, cranial nerve roots had endoneural mononuclear inflammtion. In addition, one person had acute pancreatitis. On the basis of our experience, we offer recommendations for the autopsy evaluation of suspected WNV fatalities.
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Savage, H.M., C. Ceianu, G. Nicolescu, et al. 1999. Entomologic and Avian Investigations of an Epidemic of West Nile Fever in Romania in 1996, with Serologic and Molecular Characterization of a Virus Isolate from Mosquitoes. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61:600-611.
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Schaefer, R. E. and C.D. Steelman . 1969. Determination of Mosquito Hosts in Salt Marsh Areas of Louisiana.Journal of Medical Entomology 2: 131-134.
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Schmidt, J.R., El Mansoury and H.K. 1963. Natural and Experimental Infection of Egyptian Equines with West Nile Virus. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 57:415-427.
- Schreiber,
E.T. and C. Jones. 1991. Predators of Mosquitoes. Part of Mosquito
Control Handbook. Department of Entomology and Nematology, University
of Florida. Reviewed March 2000. http://Edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN062.
Electronic reference number ENY-700-4-3 in the EDIS database (http://Edis.ifas.ufl.edu/).
Note: Handbook contains information about the efficacy and history of use of predators as mosquito biological control agents, both invertebrates (mosquitoes and other insects, flatworms and copepods) and vertebrates (fish, birds, bats, frogs and toads).
- Scott,
Jamesina J., James R. McNelly and Wayne J. Crans. 1999. Aedes japonicus
Overwinters in New Jersey.SOVE Newsletter, Northeastern Region 30(2
March). http://www.sove.org/newsletter/nletter2.html#jersey
.
Introduction: On September 17, 1998, the Ocean County Mosquito Commission collected a single specimen of Aedes japonicus from a light trap operated at a site in the New Jersey pine barrens near Colliers Mills, New Jersey. Aedes japonicus is a container-breeding mosquito previously recorded only from Japan and Korea (Tanaka, et al. 1979). During the same time period the Suffolk County Department of Health Services, New York, collected several specimens of Ae. japonicus from two locations on Long Island 160 km (nearly 100 miles) northeast of Colliers Mills. Collecting an exotic from two widely separated geographic locations suggested that the species might be firmly established in the Northeast. Both agencies made attempts to locate breeding populations but cool weather limited larval surveillance until spring.
On June 5, 1999, an adult Aedes japonicus appeared in a New Jersey light trap collection in New Egypt, New Jersey. This was approximately 6 km (3.6 miles) from the 1998 collection at Colliers Mills, New Jersey. The collection was made at a standard-bred horse farm where numerous animals were bred and trained for the racing industry. The collection clearly indicated that the exotic had overwintered successfully in the Pine Barrens region.
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Sejvar JJ, Leis AA, Stokic DS, Van Gerpen JA, Marfin AA, Webb R, Haddad MB, Tierney BC, Slavinski SA, Polk JL, Dostrow V, Winkelmann M, and Petersen LR. July 2003. Acute Flaccid Paralysis and West Nile Virus Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9(7). http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no7/03-0129.htm.
Abstract: Acute weakness associated with West Nile virus (WNV) infection has previously been attributed to a peripheral demyelinating process (Guillain-Barré syndrome); however, the exact etiology of this acute flaccid paralysis has not been systematically assessed. To thoroughly describe the clinical, laboratory, and electrodiagnostic features of this paralysis syndrome, we evaluated acute flaccid paralysis that developed in seven patients in the setting of acute WNV infection, consecutively identified in four hospitals in St. Tammany Parish and New Orleans, Louisiana, and Jackson, Mississippi. All patients had acute onset of asymmetric weakness and areflexia but no sensory abnormalities. Clinical and electrodiagnostic data suggested the involvement of spinal anterior horn cells, resulting in a poliomyelitis-like syndrome. In areas in which transmission is occurring, WNV infection should be considered in patients with acute flaccid paralysis. Recognition that such weakness may be of spinal origin may prevent inappropriate treatment and diagnostic testing.
- Senne D.A., J.C. Pederson, D.L. Hutto, W.D. Taylor, B.J. Schmitt, and B. Panigrahy. Jul-Sept 2000. Pathogenicity of WNV in Chickens. Avian Diseases 44(3): 642-9.
- Shaman, J., Jonathan Day, and Marc Stieglitz. 2002.Drought-Induced
Amplification of Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Florida. Emerging
Infectious Diseases8(6).http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol8no6/01-0417.htm
Abstract: We used a dynamic hydrology model to simulate water table depth (WTD) and quantify the relationship between Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) transmission and hydrologic conditions in Indian River County, Florida, from 1986 through 1991, a period with an SLEV epidemic. Virus transmission followed periods of modeled drought (specifically low WTDs 12 to 17 weeks before virus transmission, followed by a rising of the water table 1 to 2 weeks before virus transmission). Further evidence from collections of Culex nigripalpus (the major mosquito vector of SLEV in Florida) suggests that during extended spring droughts vector mosquitoes and nestling, juvenile, and adult wild birds congregate in selected refuges, facilitating epizootic amplification of SLEV. When the drought ends and habitat availability increases, the SLEV-infected Cx. nigripalpus and wild birds disperse, initiating an SLEV transmission cycle. These findings demonstrate a mechanism by which drought facilitates the amplification of SLEV and its subsequent transmission to humans.
- Sharpington, P.J., T.P. Healy, and M.J.W. Copland. 2000. A Wind Tunnel Bioassay System for Screening Mosquito Repellents. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 16(3):234-240.
Abstract: A wind tunnel bioassay system to screen mosquito repellents is described. A wind tunnel is utilized to exploit the upwind flight response of host-seeking mosquitoes. Mosquitoes within the wind tunnel are activated with human breath, fly upwind, and land on heated chick skins. This behavioral sequence results in a consistently high percentage of the test population approaching repellent or control stimuli. The bioassay system is calibrated with diethyl methylbenzamide against Aedus aegypti and demonstrates a reproducible dose-response relationship. The persistence of diethyl methylbenzamide after a 1-h period is also recorded. The design of the bioassay system permits simultaneous, independent testing of 3 candidate repellents. The wind tunnel bioassay system is compared to other techniques for evaluating mosquito repellents.
- Shi, P., M. Tilgner, M. Lo, K. Kent and K. Bernard. Jun 2002. Infectious cDNA Clone of the Epidemic West Nile Virus from New York City. Journal of Virology 76(12):5847-5856.
http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/76/12/5847.
Abstract: We report the first full-length infectious clone of the current epidemic, lineage I, strain of West Nile virus (WNV). The full-length cDNA was constructed from reverse transcription-PCR products of viral RNA from an isolate collected during the year 2000 outbreak in New York City. It was cloned into plasmid pBR322 under the control of a T7 promoter and stably amplified in Escherichia coli HB101. RNA transcribed from the full-length cDNA clone was highly infectious upon transfection into BHK-21 cells, resulting in progeny virus with titers of 1 x 109 to 5 x 109 PFU/ml. The cDNA clone was engineered to contain three silent nucleotide changes to create a StyI site (C to A and A to G at nucleotides [nt] 8859 and 8862, respectively) and to knock out an EcoRI site (A to G at nt 8880). These genetic markers were retained in the recovered progeny virus. Deletion of the 3'-terminal 199 nt of the cDNA transcript abolished the infectivity of the RNA. The plaque morphology, in vitro growth characteristics in mammalian and insect cells, and virulence in adult mice were indistinguishable for the parental and recombinant viruses. The stable infectious cDNA clone of the epidemic lineage I strain will provide a valuable experimental system to study the pathogenesis and replication of WNV.
- Shieh,
Wun-Ju, Jeannette Guarner, Marci Layton, Annie Fine, James Miller, Denis
Nash, Grant L. Campbell, John T. Roehrig, Duane J. Gubler and Sherif F.
Zaki. 2000. The Role of Pathology in an Investigation of an Outbreak
of West Nile Encephalitis in New York,1999.Emerging Infectious Diseases
6(4) (July-August 2000).
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no4/shieh.htm.
Abstract: An outbreak of encephalitis occurred in New York City in late August 1999, the first caused by West Nile virus in North America. Histopathologic and immunopathologic examinations performed on human autopsy materials helped guide subsequent laboratory and epidemiologic investigations that led to identification of the etiologic agent.
- Siegel,
Joel P. and Robert J. Novak. 1997. Field Trials of Vectolex CG®, a Bacillus
sphaericus Larvicide, in Illinois Waste Tires and Catch Basins. Journal
of American Mosquito Control Association 13(4):305-310.
Abstract:The susceptibility of Aedes triseriatus (Say), Anopheles punctipennis (Say), Culex restuans (Theobald), and Culex pipiens (L.) larvae to VectoLex CG® were determine. VectoLex, formulated on corncob granules (10-4 mesh) was applied to 2 tire dumps and numerous catch basins located in east-central Illinois. VectoLex, formulated as effervescent tablets, was also applied to catch basins. In a sunlit dump, there was a 99.6% reduction in Ae. triseriatus, Cx. restuans, and Cx. pipiens larvae as long as 32 days after treatment, and no pupae were recovered during this interval. There was still a 71.6% larval reduction 74 days after treatment. There was an overall reduction of 22% for An. punctipennis larvae. In a shaded dump, no larval Ae. Triseriatus, Cx. restuans, or Cx. pipiens were recovered for 25 days after treatment, and no pupae were recovered 25-67 days after treatment. There was still a 68.7% larval reduction 74 days after treatment. An. punctipennis was unaffected. In one catch basin study, VectoLex was comparable to Altosid® (average of 46 days vs. 50 days until larvae were recovered from catch basins). As the summer progressed, the duration of VectoLex control was reduced to 30 days. VectoLex effervescent tablets ( evaluated mid-August through September) gave 18-day control . VectoLex was effective against Ae. triseriatus, Cx. restuans, and Cx. pipiens, but was not effective against An. punctipennis in waste tires. VectoLex was effective against Cx. restuans and Cx.pipiens in catch basins.
- Siegel, Joel P., and Robert J. Novak. 1999. Duration of Activity of the Microbial Larvicide VectoLex CG® (Bacillus sphaericus) in Illinois Catch Basins and Waste Tires. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 15(3):366-370.
Abstract: The duration of activity of a formulations Bacillus sphaericus, VectoLex CG®, for control of Culex species was evaluated in 338 catch basins in Urbana, IL, and compared to Altosid® I 346 catch basins in Champaign, IL. The activity of VectoLex in car and truck waste tires was evaluated in a tire dump located in Pembroke Township, IL. In catch basins, 1 g of VectoLex in car and truck waste tires was evaluated in a tire dump located in Pembroke Township, IL. In catch basins, 1 g of VectoLex per catch basin gave the same control as one of Altosid briquet. Both larvicides were effective against Culex sp. in catch basins for 1 month, and the duration of control with VectoLex lasted 44 days in one catch basin. VectoLex was considerably cheaper to apply than Altosid briquets, at 0.64 cents per catch basin compared to 90.75 cents, respectively. However, the Altosid briquets were judged to be easier to apply from a vehicle than VectoLex granules. VectoLex (22.6 kg) was used to treat approximately 6,000 car and truck tires; some of the tires were in direct sunlight whereas others were shaded. Aedus triseriatus was the dominant species in these tires. Tires treated with VectoLex contained significantly fewer mosquitoes than control tires, and even 65 days after application, control tires were 16.7 times more likely to contain larvae. We conclude that VectoLex was effective when used in Illinois catch basins and tire dumps, and emphasize that is more appropriate to base tire treatment rates on the total number of tires present than on a kilogram per hectare basis.
- Smith, Robert,
Susan O'Connell and Stephen Palmer. 2000. Lyme Disease Surveillance in
England and Wales, 1986-1998.Emerging
Infectious Diseases 6(4)
Abstract: Improved surveillance indicates that Lyme borreliosis, an emerging zoonosis in the United Kingdom, has increased from 0.06/100,000 during 1986-1992 to 0.32/100,000 since 1996. Case reports peaked in the third quarter of each year. Several high-incidence localities were identified. Erythema migrans was reported in 41% of patients; arthritis in 4%; musculoskeletal symptoms in 18%; and neuroborreliosis in 15%. Lyme borreliosis, a zoonosis caused by the spirochete Borrelia burdorferi sensu lato and transmitted by Ixodes ticks, is the most prevalent and widespread vector-borne human infection in the northern hemisphere, with enzootic cycles that can be maintained in a wide range of ecologic conditions. Reported annual incidence rates throughout Europe range from 16 cases/100,000 voluntarily reported in France, to 80/100,000 in seven counties in southern Sweden where the disease became temporarily reportable in 1992-93, and 120/100,000 in Slovenia, where it is also reportable. Lyme borreliosis appears to be rare in the United Kingdom, although B. burgdorferi s.l. has been detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in many tick populations and in archived specimens collected over the last 100 years.
- Smithburn, K.C., T.P. Hughes, A.W. Burke, and J.H. Paul. Neurotrophic virus isolated from blood of native Uganda. American Journal of Tropical Medicine 20:471-492. [PDF}
Excerpts: "Following [the] disclosure [that a there is a high incidence of humoral immunity to yellow fever in a broad zone through the center of Africa] an epidemiological investigation was undertaken, one phase of which was an attempt to isolate yellow fever virus from localities in the edge of the presumably endemic zone. In attempting to isolate virus numerous persons were seen who were suffering either from an illnes suggesting yellow fever, or from pyrexia of unknown cause...[S]everal transmissible infective agents were isolated. The purpose of this paper is to report the isolation of one such agent, which we call the West Nile virus, and to describe some of its properites." First apparent article on WNV.
- Smithburn, K.C., R.M. Taylor, F. Rizk, and A. Kader. 1954. Immunity to Certain Arthropod-borne Viruses Among Indigenous Residents of Egypt. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 3:9-18.
- Southam, C.M. and A.E. Moore. 1951. West Nile, Ilheus, and Bunyamwera Infections in Man. American Journal of Tropical Medicine 31:724.
- Southam, C.M. and A.E. Moore. 1954. Induced Virus Infections in Man by the Egypt Isolates of West Nile Virus.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 3:19.
- Steele,
K.E, M.J. Linn, R.J. Schoepp, N. Komar, T.W. Geisbert, R.M. Manduca, P.P.
Calle, B.L. Raphael, T.L. Clippinger, T. Larsen, J. Smith, R.S. Lanciotti,
N.A. Panella, and T.S. McNamara. May 2000. Pathology of Fatal West Nile
Virus Infections in Native and Exotic Birds during the 1999 Outbreak in
New York City, New York. Veterinary Pathology 37(3). 208-224.
http://wcs.org/media/general/mime-9766395601.pdf
Abstract: West Nile fever caused fatal disease in human, horses, and birds in the northeastern United States during 1999. We studied birds from two wildlife facilities in New York City, New York, that died or we euthanatized and were suspected to have West Nile virua infections. Using standard histologic and ultrastructural methods, virus isolation, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we identified West Nile virus as the cause of clinical disease, severe pathologic changes, and death in 27 birds representing eight orders and 14 species. Virus was detected in 23/26 brains (88%), 24/25 hearts (96%), 15/18 spleens (83%), 14/20 livers (70%), 20/20 kidneys (100%), 10/13 adrenals (77%), 13/14 intestines (93%), 10/12 pancreata (83%), 5/12 lungs (42%), and 4/8 ovaries (50%) by one or more methods. Cellular targets included neurons and glial cells in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ganglia; myoncardial fibers; macrophages and blood monocytes; renal tubular epithelium, adrenal cortical cells; pancreatic acinar cells and islet cells; intestinal crypt epithelium; oocytes; and fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Purkinje cells were espcially targeted except in crows and magpies. Gross hemorrage of the brain, splenomegaly, meningoencephalitis, and myocarditis were the most prominent lesions. Immunohistochemistry was an efficient and reliabl method for identifying infected cases. But the polyclonal antibody cross-reacted with St. Louis encephalitis virus and other flaviviruses. In contrast, the in situ hybridization probe pWNV-E (WN-USAMRIID99) reacted only with West Nile Virus. These methods should aid diagnosticians faced with the emergence of Wes Nile virus in the United States.
- Su,
Tianyn and Mir S. Mulla. 1998. Ovicidal Activity of Neem Products (Azadirachtin)
against Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera:
Culicidae). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association
14(2):204-209.
Summary: Bioactive compounds contained in the seed kernel and other parts of the neem tree have been found to show insecticidal activities and other effects in many species of insects. These activities include antifeedancy, growth regulation, fecundity suppression, male sterility, oviposition repellency, changes in biological fitness such as loss of flying ability, immunodepression, enzyme inhibition, splitting of biological rhythms, and so forth. We investigated the ovicidal effects of various formulations of azadrirachtin (AZ) against the mosquitoes Culex tarsalis Coquillett and Culix quinquefasciatus Say. When the egg rafts were deposited directly in fresh neem suspension and left there for 4 h before transfer to untreated water 1 ppm of AZ produced almost 100% mortality in eggs. When egg rafts aged for 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h were exposed to 10 ppm neem suspensions for 36 h, the ovicidal activity was only attained in the egg rafts deposited directly (0h old) in the neem suspension, not in those with ages 4-24 h. On aging, depending on the formulations and mosquito species, the neem suspensions at 1 ppm completely lost ovicidal activity within 7-20 days. The egg rafts of Cx. Quinquefasciatus were more susceptible to the test neem products than those of Cx. Tarsalis. The formulated neem products were more persistent and effective than the technical AZ. The wettable powder formulation was slightly more persistent and effective than the emulsifiable concentrate. The ovididal activity of the neem products against mosquitoes from the current research clearly demonstrated the potential of neem products as possible ovicides against Culex mosquitoes.
- Sucharit,
Supat, Kamhaeng Surathin and Shambhu Raj Shrestha. 1989. Vectors of Japanese
Encephalitis Virus (JEV): Species Complexes of the Vectors. Southeast
Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 20(4): 611-621.
Abstract: The vectors of JEV are Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. gelidus, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. pipiens pallens, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. annulirostris, Aedes togoi, Ae. japonicus, Ae. vexans nipponii, Anopheles annularis and An. vagus. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is in the tritaeniorhynchus complex, breeds in rice fields, ground pools in vast areas. Two types of mating behavior, eurygamy and moderate stenogamy were detected. In the case of the eurygamy type, the mosquitoes were from Southern Thailand and hilly areas near Kanchanaburi, Thailand. Female mosquitoes are usually dark in color, the cibarial armature has rod teeth and the posterior end of the cibarial armature is bowl shaped with a typical rim. The rim of the bowl is everted. The moderate stenogamy type were mosquitoes from the plain areas such as Bangkok, Ayutthaya, Suphan Buri and Saraburi. The posterior end of the cibarial armature is bowl shaped with a stout rim. The larvae were characteristic in their siphon index, antennal index, hair O of prothoracic segment, and comb scale number and arrangement. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus summorosus from Japan, Los Banos and Luzon, Philippines, differed from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in that on the lateral plate of the phallosome tritaeniorhynchus teeth are somewhat weakly developed and only gently curved whereas in tritaeniorhynchus summorosus they are strongly developed, considerably longer, and sharply recurved. The siphons of larvae are short, the sides parallel and the apex truncate in tritaeniorhynchus whereas in tritaeniorhynchus summorosus they are long and slender. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus var. siamensis is possibly present. Colonies have been maintained in the Department of Medical Entomology for 31 generations. The characteristics are in hair O (short, less than 20 branches, and without secondary branching and the larval siphon (short and broad where the others are long). Cx. vishnui and Cx. pseudovishnui are in the vishnui complex. Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens pallens are in the Cx. pipiens complex comprising: (1) Cx. pipiens; (2) Cx. quinquefasciatus Say; (3) Cx. molestus Forskal; (4) Cx. pipiens pallens; (5) Cx. australicus; (6) Cx. globocoxitus. Anopheles annularis is a species complex evidenced by two types of polytene chromosomes.
- Swayne, D.E., J.R. Beck, and S. Zaki. 2000. Pathogenicity of WNV for Turkeys. Avian Diseases 44(4): 932-937.
