West Nile Virus
Bibliography of Scientific Literature (U-V)
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- US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs. Environmental Protection Agency's Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program - A Partnership Strategy Document for the American Mosquito Control Association. January 9, 1997. 7 pp. http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/PESP/strategies/old_strategies/amca.htm.
- US EPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Recognition and Management of Pest Management of Pesticide Poisonings. March 1999. Written by J. Routt Reigart, MD and James R. Roberts, MD, M.P.H. Fifth Edition. EPA 735-R-98-003. Print copies: 703-305-7666, electronic copy: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare.
- US EPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) DEET. September 1998. pp134. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/0002red.pdf.
Excerpts from Executive Summary: The Agency has concluded that DEET insect repellents will generally not cause unreasonable risks to humans or the environment. However, because DEET is: (1) so widely used among the U.S. population, including children; (2) is one of the few residential-use pesticides that is applied directly to the skin; and (3) has been thought to be associated with incidents of seizure, the Agency believes that it is prudent to require improved label warnings and restrictions for DEET products. The Agency believes that such common sense measures will be especially protective of children and other individuals who may be more sensitive to chemical substances. Product labels must be revised as specified in this RED to be more protective of the people using them, especially children. With the exception of products/formulations that combine DEET and sunscreen, all uses/formulations of DEET are eligible for reregistration provided all labels are amended as specified. The Agency is concerned about consumer use of products that combine sunscreen and DEET, since directions to reapply sunscreens generously and frequently may promote greater use of DEET than needed for pesticidal efficacy and thus pose unnecessary exposure to DEET. Registrants with products that make child safety claims must remove such claims from the product labels.
- USDA-APHIS.
August 2001. Highlights of the Report on West Nile Virus in
Equids in the Northeastern United States in 2000. 4 pp. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ceah/wnvhighlights.pdf.
Summary: The study was designed to compare information on premises with horses infected with West Nile virus to information on nearby equine premises where no West Nile virus infections occurred. In addition, an environmental assessment was conducted to describe the geographic and ecological aspects of case premises. Factors observed included precipitation, temperature, and locations of case premises relative to horse inventories, West Nile virus-positive mosquito pools, West Nile virus-infected wild birds, elevation, and ecoregions. The study was a collaborative effort of USDA-APHIS and animal health workers in 7 States with confirmed West Nile virus equine cases in 2000. Analysis of the data collected for the study was performed by Veterinary Services' Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health.
- USDA-APHIS. Jan 2001. Update on the Current Status of West Nile Virus: Period from 2 December 2000 through 15 January 2001. Highlights summarized in WESTNILEVIRUS-L posting January 30, 2001: USDA APHIS Update on WNV to Jan 15, 2001.
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/wnv/wnvstats.html
- USDA-APHIS Veterinary Services. May 2000. Guidelines for Investigating Suspect West Nile Virus Cases in Equine. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/wnv/wnvguide.html.
- USGS Wildlife Health Alert #00-02. September 25, 2000. http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/whats_new/wha/wha0002.html.
Update listing WNV-positive species of insects, birds and mammals identified in the U.S.
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USGS. Oct 25, 2000. USGS Researchers: West Nile Moves Bird-to-Bird in Lab. New Release. http://www.usgs.gov/public/press/public_affairs/press_releases/pr1304m.html
Summary: USGS scientists working in collaboration with the Wildlife Conservation Society determined that WNV can be transmitted from bird-to-bird in a confined laboratory setting. Nine WNV-infected birds housed in the same 16 x 20 x 12' biocontainment (BL3) aviary as healthy birds died after 5-8 days. Most (4) of the healthy birds also became ill from the virus and died 5-8 days after death of the first infected bird. A 5th died 11 days later, indicating that the virus was transmitted from once healthy birds to another healthy bird. Two of the healthy birds did not die. This controlled experiment did not reveal how the virus moved from bird to bird (e.g., by mouth, preening, or by shedding virus in their feces). However, an earlier test where infected and healthy birds were housed in separate cages placed side-by-side showed no evidence of direct transmission of the virus leading researchers to conclude that the virus is not transmitted through the air. Findings were reported at the 2001 meetings of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
- Vodkin,
Michael H., Larry Szymzcak, Maryanne Koll, Roger Cieslik and Robert J. Novak.
1995. Mosquito Productivity and Surveillance for St. Louis Encephalitis
Virus in Chicago during 1993. Journal of the American Mosquito Control
Association 11(3):302-306.
Abstract:The City of Chicago's Department of Health monitors weekly deposition of egg rafts of Culex species, prevalence of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus-specific antibodies in federal birds, and prevalence of the virus in mosquito pools. The total number of Culex egg rafts collected in 1993 (4,623) was 2-fold greater than for the 1992 mosquito season. Virtually all of the early summer egg rafts were identified as Culex restuans. After the week of July 18, Culex pipens accounted for 20-70% of the total rafts collected weekly. The prevalences for SLE viral antibodies (avian) and RNA (mosquitoes) were 0.2% and 0.02%, respectively. Both values were about 25-fold less than normally occur in epidemic years. It is important for practical considerations to continue this surveillance in order to recommend time- and site- specific mosquito abatement.
