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Modified:
Nov 8, 2004
West Nile Virus

West Nile Virus
Bibliography of Scientific Literature (W)

  • Walton, William E. and Parker D. Workman. 1998. Effect of Marsh Design on the Abundance of Mosquitoes in Experimental Constructed Wetlands in Southern California. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 14(1):95-107.

    Abstract:     The species composition and abundance of larval mosquitoes were studied in the vegetated regions of 2 types of experimental constructed wetlands: one-phase marshes, which have continuous vegetation throughout the marsh, and 3-phase marshes, which have 2 vegetated regions separated by a region of comparatively deeper open water. Larvae of Culex spp. were significantly more abundant in one-phase marshes than in 3-phase marshes. Larval populations in one-phase marshes also contained proportionately more older larval instars ( stages III and IV) than did populations in 3-phase marshes. Mortality rates of larvae increased during the summer and were higher in 3- phase marshes than in one-phase marshes during the initial 6 wk of the study. Differences in mortality rates between marsh types were related to predator abundance during the first 6 wk of the study and thereafter were not strongly associated with predator populations. An infusion of decaying bullrush (Schoenoplectus californicus) stimulated oviposition by gravid Culex stigmatosoma more than by gravid Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tarsalis. Culex erythrothorax was the most abundant host-seeking species collected in CO2-baited traps; however, larvae were rarely collected during routine dip sampling and egg rafts were never collected in oviposition studies.
  • Walton, W.E., P.D. Workman and S.A. Pucko. 1996. Efficacy of Larvivorous Fish against Culex spp. in Experimental Wetlands. Proceedings: Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California 64:96-101.
  • Weinberger M., Silvio D. Pitlik, Dan Gandacu, Ruth Lang, Faris Nassar, Debora Ben David, Ethan Rubinstein, Avi Izthaki, Joseph Mishal, Ruth Kitzes, Yardena Siegman-Igra, Michael Giladi, Neora Pick, Ella Mendelson, Hanna Bin, Tamar Shohat, and Michal Y. Chowers. 2001. West Nile Fever Outbreak, Israel, 2000: Epidemiologic Aspects. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 7(4): 686-691. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no4/weinberger.htm

    Abstract: From August 1 to October 31, 2000, 417 cases of West Nile (WN) fever were serologically confirmed throughout Israel; 326 (78%) were hospitalized patients. Cases were distributed throughout the country; the highest incidence was in central Israel, the most populated part. Men and women were equally affected, and their mean age was 54±23.8 years (range 6 months to 95 years). Incidence per 1,000 population increased from 0.01 in the 1st decade of life to 0.87 in the 9th decade. There were 35 deaths (case-fatality rate 8.4%), all in patients >50 years of age. Age-specific case-fatality rate increased with age. Central nervous system involvement occurred in 170 (73%) of 233 hospitalized patients. The countrywide spread, number of hospitalizations, severity of the disease, and high death rate contrast with previously reported outbreaks in Israel.

  • West Nile Virus Action Workshop, Proceedings of Workshop 19-21 January 2000, Tarrytown, NY. April 2000. Hosted by the Wildlife Conservation Society. Sponsored by the New York State Assembly. 110 pp.
    The Wildlife Conservation Society (http://www.wcs.org) is an NGO that operates five public wildlife facilities in New York City (including the Bronx Zoo). Pathologists at WCS played an important role in identifying West Nile Virus as the causative disease agent in the 1999 outbreak. Their Wildlife Conservation Magazine Online can be searched for articles on West Nile virus.
  • West Nile Virus: No Longer a Regional Affair. 2001. Clinician Reviews 11(6):37-38. http://www.medscape.com/CPG/ClinReviews/2001/v11.n06/c1106.01/c1106.01-01.html

    Summary:     Short summary of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of WNV in human populations targeted to medical clinicians. "A definitive diagnosis [of West Nile Virus] can be made only through laboratory testing of cerebrospinal fluid and acute and convalescent serum specimens to detect immunoglobin M antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Treatment for WNV is supportive; in more severe cases, it may include hospitalization with airway management and administration of intravenous fluids."
  • West Nile Virus Outbreak: Lessons for Public Health Preparedness. September 11, 2000. United States General Accounting Office. Health, Education and Human Services Division. Report to Congressional Requesters. GAO/HEHS-00-180. 69 pp.
    Order by telephone (202-512-6000) or fax (202-512-6061).

    Summary/Excerpts: This report establishes a thorough chronological account of the significant events and communications that occured and identifies lessons learned for public health and bioterrorism preparedness. The work was conducted May-August 2000. Key lessons that emerge from the investigation and response to this outbreak are as follows:

    • The local disease surveillance and response system is critical. In public health, surveillance is the ongoing collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data. In this outbreak, many aspects of the local surveillance system worked well, in that the oubreak was quickly spotted and immediately investigated. Assessments of the infrastructure for responding to outbreaks suggest that surveillance networks in many other locations may not be as well prepared.
    • Better communication is needed among public health agencies. As the investigation grew, lines of communication and decision-making were often unclear and efforts to keep everyone informed were awkward (such as conference calls that lasted for hours and involved dozens of people.) Many officials reported problems in this area.
    • Links between public and animal health agencies are becoming more important. Many emerging diseases, including West Nile, affect both animals and humans. So do many viruses or other disease-causing agents that might be used in bioterroist attects. The length of time it took to connect the bird and human outbreaks of the West Nile virus signals a need for better coordination among public and animal health agencies.
    • Ensuring adequate laboratory capabilities is essential. Even though this was a relatively small outbreak, it strained resources for several months. Officals said there is a need for broadening laboratory capabilities, ensuring adequate staffing and expertise, and imporiving the ability to deal with surges in testing needs. These concerns point out the importance of ensuring adequate networks between public health and other types of laboratories and of completeing assessments of what laboratory capacity is needed and what capacity is available.
    • Because a bioterrorist event could look like a natural outbreak, bioterroism preparedness rests in large part on public health preparedness....
  • White, D.J., 2001. Vector Surveillance for West Nile Virus. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 951(1):74

    Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) was detected in the metropolitan New York City (NYC) area during the summer and fall of 1999. Sixty-two human cases, including seven fatalities, were documented. The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) initiated and implemented a statewide mosquito and WNV surveillance system. We developed a WNV response plan designed to provide local health departments (LHD) a standardized means to begin to assess basic mosquito population data and to detect WNV circulation in mosquito populations. During the 2000 arbovirus surveillance season, local health agencies collected 317,676 mosquitoes and submitted 9,952 pools for virus testing. NYSDOH polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing detected 363 WNV-positive pools. Eight species of mosquitoes were found to be infected. Of the 26 counties conducting mosquito surveillance, WNV-positive mosquitoes were detected only in NYC, on Long Island, and in four counties in the lower Hudson River valley region. LHD larval surveillance provided initial or enhanced mosquito habitat location and characterization and mosquito species documentation. Adult mosquito surveillance provided LHD information on species' presence, density, seasonal fluctuations, virus infection, minimum infection ratios (MIR) and indirect data on mosquito control efficacy after larval or adult control interventions. Collective surveillance activities conducted during 1999 and 2000 suggest that WNV has dispersed throughout the state and may affect local health jurisdictions within NYS, adjacent states, and Canada in future years. Vector surveillance will remain a critical component of LHD programs addressing public health concerns related to WNV.

  • White, Dennis J., Laura D. Kramer, P. Bryon Backenson, Gary Lukacik, Geraldine Johnson, JoAnne Oliver, John J. Howard, Robert G. Means, Millicent Eidson, Ivan Gotham, Varuni Kulasekera, Scott Campbell, the Arbovirus Research Laboratory, and the Statewide West Nile Virus Response Teams. 2001. Mosquito Surveillance and Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of West Nile Virus, New York State. Emerging Infectious Diseases 7(4): 643-649. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol7no4/white.htm

    Abstract:     West Nile virus (WNV) was detected in the metropolitan New York City (NYC) area during the summer and fall of 1999. Sixty-two human cases, 7 fatal, were documented. The New York State Department of Health initiated a departmental effort to implement a statewide mosquito and virus surveillance system. During the 2000 arbovirus surveillance season, we collected 317,676 mosquitoes, submitted 9,952 pools for virus testing, and detected 363 WN virus-positive pools by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eight species of mosquitoes were found infected. Our mosquito surveillance system complemented other surveillance systems in the state to identify relative risk for human exposure to WN virus. PCR WN virus-positive mosquitoes were detected in NYC and six counties in the lower Hudson River Valley and metropolitan NYC area. Collective surveillance activities suggest that WN virus can disperse throughout the state and may impact local health jurisdictions in the state in future years.
  • White, Dennis J. and Morse, Dale L. West Nile Virus: Detection, Surveillance, and Control. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Vol 951, Dec 2001. Proceedings of an April 5-7, 2001 conference jointly sponsored by the New York Academy of Sciences and the NYS Department of Health.
    http://www.annalsnyas.org/content/vol951/issue1/.

    Volume Abstract: This volume reviews and updates the state of knowledge on arboviruses in general and the West Nile Virus in particular. It includes reviews of the findings of agencies and individuals who worked on the detection, surveillance, control, treatment, management, and other aspects of West Nile Virus in the Summer of 2000. The papers enhance understanding of the particular problems associated with WNV, outline effective coordination efforts, and discuss intervention options.

  • Preface. White, Dennis J. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: xi. [Full Text].
  • Welcoming Remarks. Novello, Antonia C. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: xiii. [Full Text].
  • Welcoming Remarks. Cohen, Neal L. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: xv. [Full Text].
  • Welcoming Remarks. Ostroff, Stephen M. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: xvii. [Full Text].
    West Nile Virus: Detection, Surveillance, and Control
  • Prospects for Development of a Vaccine against the West Nile Virus. Monath, Thomas P. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 1-12. [Full Text].
    Historical Overview - Part I
  • Human Arbovirus Infections Worldwide. Gubler, Duane. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 13-24. [Full Text].
  • West Nile Virus: Uganda, 1937, to New York City, 1999. Hayes, Curtis G. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 25-37. [Full Text].
    Epidemiology, Distribution and Spread of the Northeastern US Outbreak, 1999 and 2000 - Part II
  • "Neon Needles" in a Haystack: The Advantages of Passive Surveillance for West Nile Virus. Eidson, Millicent. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 38-53. [Full Text].
  • West Nile Virus Transmission and Ecology in Birds. McLean, R., S. Ubico, D. Docherty, W. Hansen, L. Sileo and T. McNamara. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 54-57. [Full Text].
    Surveillance Mechanisms: What Are We Looking For and How Do We Find It? - Part III
  • West Nile Virus Surveillance using Sentinel Birds. Komar, Nicholas. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 58-73. [Full Text].
  • Vector Surveillance for West Nile Virus. White, Dennis J. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 74-83. [Full Text].
  • West Nile Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals. Kramer, Laura D. and Kristen A. Bernard. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 84-93. [Full Text].
    International Lessons - Part IV
  • Epidemic West Nile Encephalitis in Romania: Waiting for History to Repeat Itself. Campbell, G., C. Ceianu and H. Savage. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 94-101. [Full Text].
  • West Nile Encephalitis in Russia 1999-2001: Were We Ready? Are We Ready? Platonov, Alexander E. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 102-116. [Full Text].
  • West Nile in the Mediterranean Basin: 1950-2000. Murgue, B., S. Murri, H. Triki, V. Deubel and H. Zeller. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 117-126. [Full Text].
  • West Nile Fever in Israel 1999-2000: From Geese to Humans. Bin, H., Z. Grossman, S. Pokamunski, M. Malkinson, L. Weiss, P. Duvdevani, C. Banet, Y. Weisman, E. Annis, D. Gandaku, V. Yahalom, M. Hindyieh, L. Shulman and E. Mendelson. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 127-142. [Full Text].
  • The Ecology of West Nile Virus in South Africa and the Occurrence of Outbreaks in Humans. Jupp, Peter G. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 143-152. [Full Text].
  • Kunjin Virus: An Australian Variant of West Nile? Hall, R., J. Scherret and J. Mackenzie. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 153-160. [Full Text].
    Human and Veterinary Pathology - Part V
  • The West Nile Virus Encephalitis Outbreak in the United States (1999-2000): From Flushing, New York, to Beyond Its Borders. Asnis, D., R. Conetta, G. Waldman and A. Teixeira. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 161-171. [Full Text].
  • West Nile Encephalitis: The Neuropathology of Four Fatalities. Sampson, B. and V. Armbrustmacher. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 172-178. [Full Text].
  • Laboratory Testing for West Nile Virus: Panel Discussion. Campbell, G., L. Grady, C. Huang, R. Lanciotti, L. Kramer, J. Roehrig and R. Shope. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 179-194. [Full Text].
    Viral and Vector Biology - Part VI
  • Variations in Biological Features of West Nile Viruses. Deubel, V., L. Fiette, P. Gounon, M. Drouet, H. Khun, M. Huerre, C. Banet, M. Malkinson and P. Despres. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 195-206. [Full Text].
  • Host Factors Involved in West Nile Virus Replication. Brinton, Margo A. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 207-219. [Full Text].
  • Structure and Seasonality of Nearctic Culex pipiens Populations. Spielman, Andrew. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 220-234. [Full Text].
  • Interventions: Vector Control and Public Education: Panel Discussion. Nasci, R., N. Newton, G. Terrillion, R. Parsons, D. Dame, J. Miller, D. Ninivaggi and R. Kent. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 235-254. [Full Text].
    Antiviral and Vaccine Interventions - Part VII
  • Use of Live and Inactivated Vaccines in the Control of West Nile Fever in Domestic Geese. Malkinson, M., C. Banet, Y. Khinich, I. Samina, S. Pokamunski and Y. Weisman. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 255-261. [Full Text].
  • Current Status of Flavivirus Vaccines. Barrett, Alan D.T. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 262-271. [Full Text].
  • Flavivirus DNA Vaccines: Current Status and Potential. Chang, G., B. Davis, A. Hunt, D. Holmes and G. Kuno. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 272-285. [Full Text].
  • Antibody Prophylaxis and Therapy for Flavivirus Encephalitis Infections. Roehrig, J., L. Staudinger, A. Hunt, J. Mathews and C. Blair. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 286-297. [Full Text].
  • Guidance for 2001: Panel Discussion. Gubler, D., D. Morse, D. Dame, J. Hadler, M. Layton and S. Ostroff. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 298-306. [Full Text].
    Late Breaker Papers - Part VIII
  • West Nile Virus Serosurvey and Assessment of Personal Prevention Efforts in an Area with Intense Epizootic Activity: Connecticut, 2000. McCarthy, T., J. Hadler, K. Julian, S. Walsh, B. Biggerstaff, S. Hinten, C. Baisley, A. Iton, T. Brennan, R. Nelson, G. Achambault, A. Marfin and L. Petersen. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 307-316. [Full Text].
  • Potential North American Vectors of West Nile Virus. Turell, M., M. Sardelis, D. Dohm and M. O'Guinn. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 317-324. [Full Text].
  • West Nile Virus Envelope Protein: Role in Diagnosis and Immunity. Wang, T., J. Anderson, L. Magnarelli, S. Bushmich, S. Wong, R. Koski and E. Fikrig. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 325-327. [Full Text].
    Poster Papers - Part IX
  • Characterization of West Nile Virus from Five Species of Mosquitoes, Nine Species of Birds, and One Mammal. Anderson, J., C. Vossbrinck, T. Andreadis, A. Iton, W. Beckwith III and D. Mayo. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 328-331. [Full Text].
  • West Nile Virus Strains Differ in Mouse Neurovirulence and Binding to Mouse or Human Brain Membrane Receptor Preparations. Beasley, D., L. Li, M. Suderman and A. Barrett. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 332-335. [Full Text].
  • Surveillance for Avian-borne Arboviruses in Connecticut, 2000. Beckwith, W., S. Sirpenski and D. Mayo. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 336-337. [Full Text].
  • Experimental Infection of Horses with West Nile Virus and Their Potential to Infect Mosquitoes and Serve as Amplifying Hosts. Bunning, M., R. Bowen, B. Cropp, K. Sullivan, B. Davis, N. Komar, M. Goosey, D. Baker, D. Hettler, D. Holmes and C. Mitchell. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 338-339. [Full Text].
  • Department of Defense West Nile Virus Surveillance. Cannon, C., J. Pavlin, M. Vaeth, G. Ludwig, J. Writer, B. Pagac, M. Goldenbaum and P. Kelley. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 340-342. [Full Text].
  • Sentinel Chickens as a Surveillance Tool for West Nile Virus in New York City, 2000. Cherry, B., S. Trock, A. Glaser, L. Kramer, G. Ebel, C. Glaser and J. Miller. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 343-346. [Full Text].
  • West Nile Virus Human Surveillance in Nassau County, New York: 1999-2000. Greenberg, A. and M. Sherman. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 347-350. [Full Text].
  • West Nile Virus Laboratory Surveillance Program: Cost and Time Analysis. Kauffman, E., K. Bernard, S. Jones, J. Maffei, K. Ngo and L. Kramer. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 351-353. [Full Text].
  • Sumithrin (R): From Inception to Integration within West Nile Virus Programs. Krenick, F., W. Jany and J. Clarke III. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 354-356. [Full Text].
  • Use of an Arboviral Immunofluorescent Assay in Screening for West Nile Virus. Kulas, K., V. Demarest, C. Franchell and S. Wong. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 357-360. [Full Text].
  • Biological Significance of Glycosylation of the Envelope Protein of Kunjin Virus. Scherret, J., J. Mackenzie, A. Khromykh and R. Hall. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 361-363. [Full Text].
  • Analysis of Mosquito Vector Species Abundances in Maryland using Geographic Information Systems. Shone, S., P. Ferrao, C. Lesser, D. Norris and G. Glass. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 364-368. [Full Text].
  • Long-term Stability of West Nile Virus IgM and IgG Antibodies in Diluted Sera Stored at 4 deg C. Wong, S. and S. Seligman. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 951: 369-372. [Full Text].

  • Woodrow, R.J., J.J. Howard and D.J. White. 1995. Field Trials with Methoprene, Temephos, and Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis for the control of Larval Culiseta melanura. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 11:424-427.

    Abstract:    Water samples were collected from study plots treated with Altosid (4% methoprene pellets with a 30-day residual) and untreated (control) plots 24 hours, 120 hours, and 264 hours post-treatment. One-liter, brown bottles were used for water sampling. Once all water samples were returned to the lab, 100 ml was poured off the top of each sample and 80 ml of methylene chloride was added. Bottles were sealed and shaken vigorously for one minute. Bottles were stored on wet ice for delivery to the NYSDEC Hale Creek Laboratory for chemical analysis on a Waters 600E liquid chromatograph equipped with a Waters 990 photodiode array detector. The detection limit was 10 micrograms/liter for methoprene.

    Methoprene was detected in two of the samples. A sample taken at 120h post-treatment contained 20.9 micrograms per liter, and a sample collected 264h post-treatment contained 233.0 micrograms per liter. Additionally, trace amounts of methoprene were detected in 9 samples at 24, 120 and 240h post-treatment. The level of detection exceeded both the theoretical concentration (2.92 microgrtams per liter) and the minimum toxicity for mosquito larvae: as low as 0.04 micrograms per liter for Aedes aegypti (Schaefer and Wilder 1973).

  • Work T.H., H.S. Hurlbut and R.M. Taylor. 1953. Isolation of West Nile Virus from Hooded Crow and Rock Pigeon in the Nile Delta. Proceedings. Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 84:719-722.
  • Work T.H., H.S. Hurlbut and R.M. Taylor. 1955. Indigenous Wild Birds of the Nile Delta as Potential West Nile Virus Circulating Reservoirs. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 4:872-878.
  • Work, T.H. and R.D. Lord. 1972. Trans-Gulf Migrants and the Epizootiology of Arboviruses in North America. Pages 207-214 in I.A. Cherepanov, ed., Trancontinental Connections of Migratory Birds and Their Role in the Distribution of Arboviruses. Nauka: Novosibirsk, Russia.

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