West Nile Virus
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Yang, Joo-Sung, Mathura P. Ramanathan, Karuppiah Muthumani, Andrew Y. Choo, Sung-Ha Jin, Qian-Chun Yu, Daniel S. Hwang, Daniel K. Choo, Mark D. Lee, Kesen Dang, WaixingTang, J. Joseph Kim, and David B. Weiner. 2002. Induction of Inflammation by West Nile virus Capsid through the Caspase-9 Apoptotic Pathway. Emerging Infectious Diseases 8(12): 1379-1384.
Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family of vector-borne pathogens. Clinical signs of WNV infection include neurologic symptoms, limb weakness, and encephalitis, which can result in paralysis or death. We report that the WNV-capsid by itself induces rapid nuclear condensation and cell death in tissue culture. Apoptosis is induced through the mitochondrial pathway resulting in caspase-9 activation and downstream caspase-3 activation. Capsid gene delivery into the striatum of mouse brain or interskeletal muscle resulted in cell death and inflammation, likely through capsid-induced apoptosis in vivo. These studies demonstrate that the capsid protein of WNV may be responsible for aspects of viral pathogenesis through induction of the apoptotic cascade.
- Yap,
H.H., A.S.C. Chong, C.R. Adanan, N.L. Chong, B. Rohaizat, Malik Y. Abdul
and S. Y. Lim. 1997. Performance of ULV Formulations (Pesquard 102/Vectobac
12AS) against Three Mosquito Species. Journal of the American Mosquito
Control Association 13(4):384-388.
Abstract:Adulticidal and larvicidal performances of a water-based pyrethroid microemulsion Pesquard PS 102 (a.i. d-allethrin [the (1R)-cis-trans-isomer of allethrin] and d-phenothrin [the (1R)-cis-trans-isomer of phenothrin], both at 5.0% w/w) and Vectobac 12AS, an aqueous suspension Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis (B.t.i.) formulation (a.i. 1200 ITU/mg) were assessed in Malaysia against Aedes aegypti, A. albopictus, and Culesx quinquefasciatus using a Leco ULV ForgGenerator Model 1600 and a Scorpion 20 ULV AirBlast Sprayer. Laboratory-cultured mosquito adults and larvae were used for efficacy assessment. For trials using Leco, both pyrethroid and bacterial formulations were dispersed both singly and in combination with Pesquard PS 102 at a dosage of 0.2 liters/has and B.t.i. at a dosage of 1.0 litre/ha. Similar trials with the Scorpion were also conducted with Pesquared PS102 at a dosage of 0.2 liters/ha and a higher dosage of B.t.i. (1.5 litres/ha). Experiments were conducted in a football field (200 x 100 m) where 5 check points at 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100m downwind from the spray nozzle were chosen for efficacy assessments. Knockdown and mortality were scored at 1 and 24 h postspraying. Results from both trials showed that mortality values varied with distance from spray nozzle. For trials with Leco, fogging with the combination of Pesquard PS 102 and B.t.i. provided larvicidal mortality of greater than 80% for both Aedes species and of more than 60% for C. quinquefasiatus larvae at several check points, depending on wind conditions. Complete mortality of adult Aedes mosquitoes at 24 h posttreatment was also achieved, while mortality values for Culex adults reached greater than 90% under strong wind conditions. As for trials with the Scorpion 20, high adult and larval mortalities were also achieved, with greater than 90% mortality at some check points. The study demonstrated the possibility of achieving both larvicidal and adulticidal effects when using a combination of B.t.i. and Pesquard PS 102 in ULV space spray.
- Yap,
H.H., A.S.C. Chong, C.R. Adanan, Malik Y. Abdul, N.L. Chong, S.Y. Lim and
B. Rohaizat. 1996. Field Efficacy of a Pyrethroid Microemulsion (Pesquard
PS 102) as ULV Ground Aerosols against Three Urban Mosquito Species.
Tropical Biomedicine 13(1):59-63.
Abstract:A water-based pyrethroid microemulsion, Pesquard PS 102, consisting of d-allethrin [bioallethrin] and d-phenothrin (both at 5.0% w/w) was evaluated in the field (in Malaysia) using a vehicle-mounted ultra-low-volume sprayer (Scorpion 20 ULV Air Blast Sprayer). Two dosages (0.1 and 0.2 litres/ha) were assessed at 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 m downwind from the spraying route against laboratory reared, sucrose-fed, caged female adults in Aedes aegypti, A. albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. The highest efficacy was achieved against A. albopictus, followed by A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. For both Aedes species, the lower dosage (0.1 litre/ha) provided knockdown and mortality of greater than 70% up to 50 m away, while at a higher dosage (0.2 litre/ha), complete mortality was recorded up to the 50 m range at 24 hours post-spraying. The 0.2 litre/ha dosage also provided mortality of greater than 90% up to 25 m away against C. quinquefasciatus.
- Yap,
H.H., K. Jahangir and J. Zairi. 2000. Field Efficacy of Four Insect Repellent Products against Vector Mosquitoes in a Tropical Environment.
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 16(3):241-244.
Abstract: Four insect repellent products (RPs) (RP 1, Experimental Repellent Lotion [Bayrepel 12%]; RP 2, Experimental Repellent Cream [Bayrepel 5%]; RP 3, Off! Insect Repellent II Aerosol [deet 15%]; and RP 4, Off! Skintastic II Cream [deet 7.5%]) were evaluated simultaneously for their efficacy against vector and nuisance mosquitoes. The aim of this study was to compare the relative efficacy of RPs based on a new repellent compound, Bayrepel (1-piperidinecarboxylic acid, 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylpropylester), with deet (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide)-based RPs. An 8-h field efficacy of above repellents was evaluated against the day-biting mosquito Aedes albopictus and night-biting mosquitoes (Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles spp.). Evaluation was carried out by exposing humans with repellent-treated bare limbs to mosquitoes landing and to mosquitoes landing and biting. Repellent product 1 or 2 was applied to the left arm and leg, whereas RP 3 or 4 was applied on the right arm and leg, respectively. Application of these 4 RPs significantly reduced (P<0.05) the landing and the landing and biting of day-biting and night-biting mosquitoes. All 4 RPs were found to be equally effective (P<0.05) against Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus. However, for protection against Anopheles spp., RP 1 and 3 exhibited significantly (P<0.05) better repellency effect than RPs 2 and 4.
- Yee,
Wee L., Woodbridge A. Foster, Michael J. Howe and Robert G. Hancock. 1992.
Simultaneous Field Comparison of Evening Temporal Distribution of Nectar
and Blood Feeding by Aedes vexans and Ae. trivittatus (Diptera: Culicidae)
in Ohio. Journal of Medical Entomology 29(2): 356-60.
Abstract:Nector-and blood-feeding time distribution of Aedes vexans (Meigen) and Aedes trivittatus (Coquillett) were determined from collections of mosquitoes attempting to feed on flowers and human bait during six nights in an Ohio field. Distribution of nectar and blood feeding were different Ae. vexans on three of five nights when analyses were possible, and they were different in pooled Ae. trivittatus data. Higher proportions of blood feeders appeared in earlier time intervals, but both nectar and blood feeding had broadly overlapping peaks and distributions. These results suggest that the nectar- and blood-feeding rhythms are probably in phase in Ae. vexans females, and that possibly the earlier onset of blood feeding reflects a strategy taking advantage of blood when it is available. Male Ae. vexans had later peak nectar-feeding times than females. Nectar feeding in males may be delayed by mating activity early in the activity period.
- Young, David LTC G. VC USA. and Sandra Evans. 1998. Safety and Efficacy of DEET and Permethrin in the Prevention of Arthropod Attack. Military Medicine 163, 5:324.
Abstract: Many preventable diseases affecting troop strength are directly attributed to disease-carrying insects. The first line of defense against arthropod vectors is the use of personal protective measures. The concurrent application of DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) repellent on the skin and permethrin [(3-phenoxy-phenyl)methyl(=)cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylate] insecticide on the battle dress uniform, while the uniform is worn properly, is a personal protective strategy officially known as the DOD Insect Repellent System. It is important for troop commanders and field leaders to enforce the use of personal protective measures to prevent insect-borne infectious diseases and to ensure troop and soldier readiness. DEET is a safe and effective repellent. Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide and repellent. Used in conjunction with proper clothing and other personal protective equipment, these repellents provide the best known protection available and are critical in minimizing the occupational health threat of arthropod-borne diseases to troops in the field.
- Zalom, F.G., A.A. Grigarick and M.O. May. 1978. Predation by the Larvae of Tropisternus lateralis (Fabricius) in California Rice Fields--A Preliminary Report. Proceedings: Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California 46:83-84.
- Zlotkin,
Eliahu. 1999. The Insect Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel as Target of Insecticides.
Annual Reviews Entomology 44:429-455. http://ento.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/full/44/1/429.
Abstract: Examination of the function, chemistry, and pharmacology of the voltage-gated insect sodium channel (ISC) reveals that the ISC closely resembles its vertebrate counterpart in electrophysiology and ion conductance, primary structure and allocation of all functional domains, and its pharmacological diversity and flexibility exhibited by the occurrence of different allosterically coupled receptor-binding sites for various neurotoxicants.The toxicants include several groups of insecticides, namely DDT and its analogues, pyrethroids, N-alkylamides, and dihydropyrazoles, which affect channel gating and ion permeability. Despite their similarity, the insect and vertebrate channels are pharmacologically distinguishable, as revealed by the responsiveness of the heterologously expressed Drosophila para clone to channel modifiers and blockers and the occurrence of the insect-selective sodium channel neurotoxins derived from arachnid venoms presently used for the design of recombinant baculovirus-mediated selective bioinsecticides.
The pharmacological specificity of the ISC may lead to the design of insect-selective toxicants, and its pharmacological flexibility may direct the use of ISC insecticides for resistance management. Insecticide resistance [such as knockdown resistance (KDR)] is acquired by natural selection and operated by increased metabolism, channel mutagenesis, or both.
The resistance issue can be dealt with in several ways. One is by simultaneous application of low doses of synergistic, allosterically coupled mixtures (thus delaying or preventing the onset of resistance). An alternative is to replace an insecticide to which resistance was acquired by channel mutation with a different ISC toxicant to which increased susceptibility was conferred by the same mutation. Such a possibility was exemplified by a significant increase in susceptibility to N-alkylamides, as well as an insect-selective neurotoxin revealed by KDR insects. Third, both of these methods can be combined. Thus owing to its pharmacological uniqueness, the ISC may serve as a high-priority target for future selective and resistance-manageable insecticides.
